Wednesday, 22 November 2017

The News Industry - classwork

Stuart Hall: Media Audience and Representation



Reception Theory -  a group of theories have emerged around reception, which focuses on the conditions in which audience "read" media texts, and how this contrasts with the intended meaning of the producer of the text.

Encoding - how women are put into media product such as a page 3 girl is desirable.


Decoding -  the meaning that is put of media for example she might be attractive, she is fake/plastic, this makes one insecure.

Polysemy - there a re arrange of potential meanings some may agree that we are all polysomic.

 



Reception Theory:

A dominant or preferred position is when the audience takes the full preferred meaning offered by the text, and the ideological assumptions behind the messages.

A negotiated position is when there is a mixture of adaptation and opposition to the dominant codes.  So the audience negotiates the meaning to fit with their “lived experience.”

An oppositional position is when the preferred reading is understood but opposed or re-drawn drawing on alternative values and attitudes. The ideological assumptions are rejected.

Tuesday, 21 November 2017

The News Industry


Five Things about Women In The Press

Sex Object:
The issue with newspapers is that they are objectifying and sexualising women. Their bodies don’t need to be seen in newspapers. Women are being openly exploited in the news and compared to sexually to the fact that any aged women are being targeted in a directed ways.
Wives and Mothers:
Mothers and wives are very easily stereotyped for the things they do and not for who they are. Even when women are accomplishing greater things other than being a traditional ‘housewives’ they’re home life is more emphasised more than their careers. Wives and mothers still have controversial topics that are still not seen as acceptable such are no children; it’s still an issue for this to be discussed.
Passive Roles:
Women are mostly seen playing the victim roles rather than playing strong lead roles. It’s quite rare and unlike for men to appear as the victim because of the stereotype that men are stronger than women and women are weak.
Relative Invisibility:
Men are mentioned in the Front pages and articles more than the successful women, although they are published are printed there is only a minority of good successfully front stories in the newspaper. Most of the front pages stories are consumed of negative stories about women. Most articles don’t even regard women which almost seems as they don’t contribute to anything.
Too fat/thin/old/young:
Women are shown these ideal flawless women on TV’s and magazines which are questioning women on the way they look and particularly young women. It adds quite a lot tension and pressure on to them and gives them many doubts about their appearances. The media industry is showing the public unrealistic and misleading figures and individuals that has now become a norm to look the ‘certain’ way to be accepted, which is harming women from the inside.

News: Task 2

Which News Values Apply In the News Article?


In 1965, media researchers Galtung & Ruge analysed international news stories to find out what factors they had in common, and what factors placed them at the top of the news agenda worldwide. They came up with the following list of news values, each value is certain to come at the start of a TV news bulletin, or make the front page of a newspaper. Journalists and editors also draw heavily on their experience - of what an audience expects, of what stories have had a major impact on public consciousness in the past, of what is important - and each news organisation will have their own system of setting a news agenda. 

The telegraph has used a bold and worrying headline as it says ‘People grab our veils, call us terrorists and want us dead' the article certainly grabs the reader’s attention with a dramatic headline, it creates some sympathy towards the article because the headline is the first thing the accidence readers.  The short introduction underneath the headline seems to be a bit bigger than the article itself where it says ‘Islamophobia attacks have been on the rise ever since 9/11, but it is mostly women being attacked, a recent report suggests. Ava Vidal shares stories from British Muslim women who face every day awful abuse’ this is a news value of Continuity and narrative because the incident of 9/11 has been mentioned yet again after many years in this article, which shows a continuity of the incident, as it is an unforgettable event. Every article seems to unfold different versions of the event just like this article but, this article refers towards women in specific who are being discriminated and attacked ever since 9/11. 

Throughout this article you can see that islamophobia is being presented many times  that they have written is one of the news values which is negativity, the journalists know that a negative story is able to catch many people attention rather than a positive one. A bad/negative news stories are more likely to be reported than good news because they are more likely to score high on other news values, such as threshold, unexpectedness, unambiguity and meaningfulness. One of the things that were mentioned in the article was "On the same day a man in a business suit told me to ‘f**k off’. I was with a white male friend at the time. We both stopped in our tracks and the white guy who swore turned around, pointed at me and said, ‘yeah you!” this kind of behaviour has a bigger impact towards the audience because its seen as something horrible and worrying because people are hating on others. This type of language has a greater impact to the audience because it’s something shocking to read. It almost tries to show the reality of a person who’s going through is kind of abuse and it brings awareness to this kind of hate and it encourages people to stop doing this and stop letting others do this. 


The article also features an image of a Muslim women who’s covered herself in a hijab and niqab, often the society has address the as an oppression, that Muslim women are oppressed and forced to look like this which links back to negativity because it doesn’t matter how positive the article is or is socially awaring people about the discrimination the negative stereotypes are always rated above 'positive' part of the story. The negative tends to weigh more than the positive side of the story because it has a greater importance to it.
Another news value that is interpreted in this article story is proximity, the fact that the 9/11 incident took place in the US it’s easy to say that it has had a huge impact in the UK as well, because women are also receiving the same hate as the Muslim women are in the US. This article is published about the impacts on Muslim women in the UK, shows how quick the hatred has spread to our country. It’s important for us to acknowledge about it because this is currently happening in our country as were speaking. The audience that read this news will pay more attention to this now that is this occurring in the UK because they can relate more to stories that are close to them that involves people from their country. 

The personalisation news value is used very well in this article and can also be seen quite interesting to read since it has a story that particularly centres around a certain person, because they can be presented from a 'human interest' angle. The audience may find this article much more interesting to read because it’s from a real person who’s been through this kind of experience and can they speak about it and be honest about themselves just like Zab Mustefa does as she explains her side of the story; rather than read an over-rate personality stories, particularly those involves celebrities. I think that the audience likes to that read these personalised stories and are much more attentive about them and really care about a real story rather than a famous person/celebrity whom can can’t really relate to because they differ from each other. 

Overall there are many news values that are presented in this article and I think they are very important to have because they set out a form of boundaries that newspapers and journalists should regard when publishing a story. They really form the shape of the articles and really take in to consideration each value and represent them as to what type of journalists or Newspaper Company they are. 

The news industry - classwork

Journalistic Ethics 


Key journalist qualities:


Ethics - a shared system of morals for dealing with what is 'good' and 'bad'.
Truth and accuracy - the fact base principles, made sure to check your facts.
Self regulation - where the government does not regulate companies such as games, cinema. IPSO -  a 'self regulatory' body that regulates themselves rather than being regulated by the government.
Public interest - what is good for the public. 










Newspaper Comparison Task

News - newspaper conventions

Newspapers: Codes, Conventions and Content


Newspapers can be defined as a 'broadsheet' newspaper or a 'tabloid' newspaper. there are many differences between a boardsheet and a tabloid.

Broadsheet - is a bigger newspaper and contains more political and factual information who is targeted towards middle class/ high class audience.

Tabloid -  the layout of a tabloid is quite smaller and it contains gossip, celebrities information, more chatty content. They use techniques such as : pans, jokes, rhetorical questions. 

Thursday, 2 November 2017

Galtung and Ruge's News Values - classwork

How News Is Presented?

News today is converged and dispersed across a range of platforms and with a huge range of sources/producers, including audiences who share the news and alter its meaning by adding their own hyperlinks and comments.

News values are general guidelines or criteria used by media outlets, such as newspapers or broadcast media, to determine how much prominence to give to a story.

Convergence - refers to the crossing over/ coming together of platforms and devices in media.

The "Other" - that a person is presented as a different from others. Non-white people in the media are often different defined according to what makes them different from the white majority. These values are usually negative.

Galtung and Ruge (1981) - these theorists argued that news is structured according to unspoken values , rather discovered. These are the key terms:

Unspoken Rules - that journalists follow when selecting and constructing the news

Frequency - this value is to do with the time scale of events perceived to be 'newsworthy' 


Threshold - this is the size of the event that is needed to be considered newsworthy. Events that happen to celebrity or an unusually violent event.

Proximity - this value is to do with how close to home a story is. More stories that happen within your local areas and region which are more publicised and are the main focuses since these stories are close to your 'home'. the local news is more westernised to be focused on, on the basis of social class.

Negativity - if its news, its generally bad news. no matter how positive the outcome is the catastrophe will weigh out more.

Predictability - although the key convention of news is to present events as surprising, actually a lot of these are predictable.

Continuity and narrative - news involves story-telling just like fiction, and it is convenient for journalists to cover stories which are likely to continue over a period of time, which new events unfolding. Binary opposite (Levi-Strauss) will be favoured to help to the audience to understand quite complex stories.

Composition - newspapers need to be balanced out, and if the editor feels that there is a disproportionate type of one news. Front covers may be composed to encourage the reader to make (often incorrect/ manipulative) connection between unlinked stories.

Personalisation - events are often personalised to give them a human interest angle.

Advertising & Marketing Task: Pitch Idea

Wednesday, 1 November 2017

The News Industry - classwork

Ownership 

Conglomeration - a number of different things, parts of items that are grouped together (a collection). A big company that owns a multiple small companies. the head of the company is called a 'parent' and the small companies are name 'subsidiary'. etc., timewarner is a parent.

News Corporation - owns financial news services, wireless media, harper Collins, new York post and News UK

Regulation - rules that are set out that regulate different media industries 

Ethics - a shared system of morals for dealing with what is 'good' and 'bad'.
Truth and accuracy - the fact base principles, made sure to check your facts.
Self regulation -
Public interest -